Results also showed that feeling healthy is not constrained to the absence or presence of disease, indicating that people all over the world may focus more on how they can live a full and functional life on their own terms.Īt the same time, the survey results revealed substantial differences in individual views, needs, and support received, often based on country, gender, age, or income. Overall, respondents placed value on all four dimensions of health-physical, mental, social, and spiritual-adopting a much broader view than the health systems in the countries in which they live. In 2022, MHI conducted a global survey of approximately 1,000 respondents in each of 19 countries to understand how communities around the world define health and what factors they believe influence it. 3 Anne-Wil Harzing, “Response styles in cross-national survey research: A 26-country study,” International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 2006, Volume 6, Issue 2. Conversely, the share of respondents answering 1 or 2 on a 1 to 5 scale is 32 percent in Japan and 17 percent in India. answer 4 or 5 on a 1 to 5 scale while in India 2 n = 50 studies. As an example, a study focusing on response styles and conducted in 26 countries found that, on average, 39 percent of survey respondents in Japan 1 n = 45 studies. Those factors include language and word association, number ranges, comprehension issues, and attitudes toward taking surveys. Indeed, due to a range of cultural and methodological factors, respondents’ answers to survey questions can vary widely. Sociocultural differences among countries may complicate cross-country comparisons of self-reported health. Respondents who answered with the same number for all questions within a specific battery of questions (for example, questions related to a specific topic such as health importance or health support) were excluded from the analysis. All survey questions were based on a 1 to 5 Likert scale. The sample was balanced across ages and genders (+/- 3 percent error). The survey was based on a representative sample of adults living primarily in urban areas (large cities and towns), who have access to the internet. Sociodemographic factors included country, age, gender, income, education, place of living (urban, suburban, rural), employment status, and health insurance coverage. At least 1,000 respondents were surveyed in each country. The McKinsey Health Institute survey was conducted in February 2022 in 19 countries: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, Egypt, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Such a broad definition of health, with a greater emphasis on well-being, was proposed as far back as 1948 by the World Health Organization (WHO), which defined health as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” 5 Constitution of the World Health Organization, World Health Organization, 1948. 4 Adding years to life and life to years, McKinsey Health Institute, March 29, 2022. The McKinsey Health Institute (MHI) has found that countries and societies would benefit from adopting a modernized, holistic framework for health that encompasses multiple dimensions. 3 12 percent of studies address mental health, 6 percent address social health, and 1 percent address spiritual health the remaining 6 percent of studies are related to other factors for example, operations improvement in a clinical setting. while other critical components of health-mental, social, and spiritual (spiritual health including meaning, belonging, purpose, and identity, not strictly religious belief 2 Adding years to life and life to years, McKinsey Health Institute, March 29, 2022.)-have been largely ignored. Indeed, an estimated 75 percent of studies related to health have primary end points that address physical health only, 1 McKinsey Health Institute sample analysis using PubMed and the Medline database, 2014–19. But today, “health” often refers exclusively to physical health. The classic Roman aphorism mens sana in corpore sano, or “a healthy mind in a healthy body,” reflects the belief that both types of health are important for a rich and meaningful life.
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